Ефремов Е.А.

Introduction. In this literature review we discuss the etiology, risk factors, and features of erectile dysfunction management in men with liver disease and cirrhosis.

Background. Male infertility is an acute issue in modern andrology, being registered in 45% of infertile couples. Aer the exclusion of exogenous factors and systemic diseases leading to male infertility (MI), a significant part of MIcases among the remaining patients in the cohort with idiopathic infertility is associated with genetic pathologies.

Aim. To generalize data on genetic disorders that lead to a decrease in male fertility and to review methods of their diagnostics.

Varicocele is a pathology, which is determined in 11.7% of adult men and in 25.4% of men, with abnormalities in the spermogram. the relevance of developing an optimal minimally invasive, safe and highly efficient operational method for performing varicocelectomy is associated with both clinical and medical-economic aspects.

Purpose: Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of the surgical treatment of varicocele using minimally invasive scrotal access and the use of microsurgical techniques.

Varicocele is one of the most common diseases in men of reproductive age, and also the cause of male infertility. A lot of work has been devoted to the study of varicocele, but its impact on the functioning of the male reproductive system is still a subject of debate. There are both single studies and larger comparative studies devoted to the evaluation of the effect of varicocele on the hormonal background and reproductive system of a man. Most of these studies demonstrate the negative impact of varicocele on male development, the hormonal profile and the possibility of paternity.

Introduction. Male hypogonadism is divided into primary (hypergonadotropic) and secondary (hypogonadotropic).While primary hypogonadism is oftesticular genesis, the secondary form is accounted by the defects of hypothalamus or hypophysis, which underlie the testicular malfunction accompanied by androgen deficiency.

According to the World Health Organization, sterility is defined as the “failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse”. In order to overcome such complications, many couples try assisted reproductive technologies (ART), whereas the othres use antioxidants avoiding ART, hoping to improve their fertility.

At the present time, there is no consensus regarding the optimal approach to fertility treatment in men. Per the literature considered that increase of level of gonadotropins induce spermatogenesis and is essential for maintenance of quantitatively and qualitatively normal spermatogenesis. Such treatment uniformly successful in normalizing release of gonadotropins and secretion of testosterone which is capable to induce a spermatogenesis.

Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. According to literature, CVDs have a very similar profile of risk factors with such a common reproductive disorder as erectile dysfunction (ED). At the same time, there are different opinions about the prevalence of ED and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in the Russian population and their relationship to physical illnesses

Materials and methods. We present data from evaluation of 1261 men aged 40-65 years living in the Voronezh and Kaluga regions.

Testosterone is one of the major male sex hormones related to androgens. Its adequate concentrations are extremely important at all stages of development, formation and maintenance of vital activity of the male body. Testosterone has a wide range of physiological functions, affecting various systems of organs, including the brain, peripheral nerves, muscles, fat and bone tissue, cardiovascular system, as well as male genital organs and the reproductive system (sperm maturation), contributes to libido.

Fragmentation of spermatozoa’s DNA is an important factor in the etiology of male infertility. Nevertheless, this analysis is still not used as a routine method for assessing male fertility. It has been shown by Ruvolo et al. that men with a high level of DNA fragmentation have significantly lower chances to conceive naturally or with assisted reproductive technologies such as intrauterine insemination and IVF. Ideally, DNA fragmentation should be kept to a minimum where possible. Oxidative stress is the main cause of DNA fragmentation in spermatozoa.